Inorganic chemical nomenclature

The elements can be grouped according to their periodic properties and their position in the periodical table. This allows you to refer to a family of elements with individual names instead of listing them all.

The groups of elements in the periodic table are numbered from 1 to 18 and group the elements placed on the same column.

The elements of groups 1, 2 and 13–18 (except hydrogen) are designated as the main elements of the group and, except for Group 18, the first two elements of each group are defined as "typical elements".

Optionally, letters I'm sorry, p, d And f can be used to distinguish the different blocks of elements in the periodic table.

For example, the elements of groups 3-12 are block elements d. These elements are also commonly called transition elements, although group 12 elements are not always included; f-block elements are sometimes referred to as "internal transition elements".

In particular cases, the various groups may be appointed by the first element of each group. For example: "elements of the boron group" (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), "elements of the titanium group" (Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf), etc.

Collective names are then used when referring to a family of chemical elements; these names are used for similar elements and therefore belonging to one group or block; the following names are approved by IUPAC:

• alkaline metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr);
• alkaline-terrosis metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra);
• pnictogeni (N, P, As, Sb, Bi);
• calcogeni (O, S, Se, Te, Po);
• halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At);
• noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn);
• lantanoids (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu);
• metals of rare earths (Sc, Y and lantanoids);
• attinoids (Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr).

The generic terms picnogenur, calcogenur and halogenur are commonly used in the name of compounds of pnictogenies, calcogenes and halogens.

Although the term "lantanoids" means "like lantanium", it should not include lantanium, which is however included in common use. Similarly, attinoids with regard to the athenium.

The elements in the periodic table can still be identified, based on the properties of electronic affinity, in three groups:

• Metal elements: they are all those elements included in Group 1 to Group 15 and which are located on the left of the diagonal line of the metalloids.
  • Alkaline elements: all those elements included in group 1, excluding hydrogen;
  • Alkaline-terrosis elements: all those elements included in group 2;
  • Transitional elements: they are all those elements from group 3 to group 12;

• Metal elements: these are those elements ranging from group 13 to group 15 and which lie on the diagonal line that goes from boron to oganesson.
• Non-metallic elements: they are all elements ranging from group 13 to group 17 and which are located at the right of the diagonal line of the metalloids.

Recently discovered elements can be cited in scientific literature but until they have received permanent names and symbols from IUPAC, they need temporary designators.

These elements can be indicated by their atomic numbers, such as in the ""element 120", but IUPAC has approved a systematic nomenclature and a series of symbols of three letters.

The name derives directly from the atomic number of the element using the following numerical roots:

For elements with atomic number greater than 100 names and symbols derive directly from the atomic number of the element using the following rule:

1. Decomposition of the mass number of the element in numbers at a figure between 0 and 9;
2. building the name through the numerical roots.
   • The roots are gathered in the order of the figures that make up the atomic number;
   • The final "n" of "enn" is eliminated when it occurs before "nil" and the final "i" of "bi" and "tri" when it occurs before "ium".
3. Termination of the nume with suffix -ium.

The symbol for the element is composed of the initial letters of the numerical roots that make up the name.

The isotopes of an element have all the same name and are indicated by mass numbers.

For example, atom with atomic number 8 and mass number 18 is called oxygen-18 and has the symbol ¹⁸Or.

Hydrogen is the exception to the general rule set out above as the three isotopes ¹H, ²H and ³H can have alternative names such as protity, deuterium and tritium respectively. D and T symbols can be used for deuterium and tritium, but are preferred ²H and ³H because D and T can create problems with the alphabetical order in formulas. The combination of a muon and an electron leads to the formation of a light hydrogen isotope called muonium, Mu symbol.

These names give origin to the proton, deuterone, triton and muon names for cations ¹H⁺, ²H⁺, ³H⁺ and Mu⁺, respectively. Since the name proton is often used in contradictory senses, namely for ions ¹H⁺ It isotopicly pure on one side and for the mixture of indifferentiated isotopes present in nature on the other, it is recommended that the undifferentiated mixture is generally designated by the hydrone name, derived from hydrogen.

In the systematic nomenclature (IUPAC) the name of the element is added the appropriate numerical prefix.

The mono prefix is used only when the element does not exist (it is not stable or present in nature) in the monoatomic state.

Polymorphism is a phenomenon for which an element or a compound, crystallizing, can take on different particular structures and present itself, therefore, in multiple modifications or crystalline phases. However, the term allotrope also extends to liquid and gaseous elements.

Ozone (O3) is a molecular oxygen allotrope (O2).

Systemic names are based on the number of atoms in the molecule, using numerical prefixes. The "mono" prefix is used only when the element does not normally appear in a monoatomic state. If the number is large and unknown, as in long chains or big rings, you can use the prefix "poli".

If necessary, you can use appropriate prefixes to indicate the structure. When you want to specify a particular polymorph of an element with a defined structure (such as α-, β- or γ- forms of S8 ).

Crystalline altropics are polymorphic of the elements. Each can be named by adding the Pearson symbol in parentheses following the name of the atom. This symbol defines the structure of the halltrope in terms of its Bravais reticle and the number of atoms in its elementary cell. Therefore, iron (cF4) is the allotropic modification of iron (γ-ferro) with a cubic reticle (c), entirely centered (F) containing four iron atoms in the elementary cell.

In some cases, the Pearson symbol does not allow the distinction between two crystalline allotropes of the same element. In this case, the space group is added in brackets. If this does not yet allow the distinction between allotropics, it will have to be cited the characteristically different rheticolar parameters.

Solid amorphic changes and allotropics commonly recognized by the indefinite structure are distinguished by habitual descriptors such as a Greek letter, names based on physical properties or mineral names.

The binary hydrogen compounds can be distinguished in three groups:

• hydraulics;
• molecular hydrides;
• Idruri salini.

Hydracydes consist of hydrogen with non-electronegative metals (groups 16 and 17), a small number of binary compounds of molecular nature. In these compounds, hydrogen presents n.o. equal to +1 (H hydron ion⁺) and therefore it must be written first in the formula.

The traditional nomenclature predicts that the name follows this logic:

1. term acid;
2. root of the name of the non-metal with the suffix -hydric.

The IUPAC nomenclature, instead, provides for the construction of the name following this logic:

1. root of the name of the non-metal with suffix -uro;
2. of;
3. prefixed for the number of hydrogen atoms, followed by the word hydrogen.

They are binary compounds in which hydrogen is linked with elements ranging from group 1 to 16. In these compounds, hydrogen presents n.o. equal to -1 (H idruro^-) and therefore it must be written second in the formula.

Based on the element in which hydrogen is alloyed, molecular hydrohydrides and Sale.

The traditional nomenclature provides that the construction of the name follows this logic:

1. term idruro;
2. of;
3. name of metal (or non-metallic or metalloid).

The Stock nomenclature, instead, provides for the construction of the name following this logic:

1. term idruro;
2. of;
3. metal name (or non-metal or metalloid) followed by the oxidation number written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The IUPAC nomenclature, in the end, provides for the construction of the name following this logic:

1. prefix for the number of hydrogen atoms, followed by the suffix -hydraurian;
2. of;
3. name of metal (or non-metallic or metalloid).

Molecular or covalent hydrohydrides are composed of hydrogen with metalloids and non-metallic (groups 14, 15 and 16). These compounds consist of molecules in which hydrogen in the formula is to be written for second.

They are often liquid or gaseous.

It is good to remember that such molecules are not aciqueous, although there is a slight difference in electronegativeness between the element and hydrogen.

The traditional nomenclature in these cases is replaced by the old names attributed to molecules:

• Group 14:
  • CHRISCH₄ → methane;
  • Yes.₄ → silano;
  • Geh.₄ → German.
• Group 15:
  • NH₃ → ammonia;
  • PHY₃ → phosphine;
  • ♪₃ → arsina;
  • SbH₃ → Stable.

Hydrogen compounds are composed of hydrogen with highly electropositive metals (1o and 2o group generally). These are ionic compounds in which hydrogen presents n.o. equal to -1 (H idruro^-) and therefore it must be written second in the formula.

• Group 1:
  • LiH;
  • NaH;
  • KH;
  • RbH;
  • FrH.
• Group 2:
  • Be.₂;
  • Mg.₂;
  • Ca'H₂;
  • Sr.₂;
  • Bah.₂;
  • Rah._2.

Oxides are defined all those binary compounds that contain oxygen.

Chemical Formula: X_mO_No, where X is any element of the periodic table.

Oxids can be divided into three classes according to the number of oxidation that presents oxygen:

• Oxides: n.o. = -2
• Peroxides: n.o. = -1
• Superoxides: n.o. = -0.5

Oxygen forms composed with almost all elements of the periodic table, such compounds are oxides. They are distinguished in acid oxides and basic oxides based on the chemical properties they show and the element linked together with oxygen.

In such compounds the number of oxygen atoms may vary, but the number of oxidation is always -2.

The traditional nomenclature provides for the distinction of the type of oxide, it ranks the oxide as anhydride acid and simply oxide basic oxide:

a) Acid oxide: obtained when oxygen reacts with a non-metallic element or a metalloid, in some cases even with a metal, if at a high oxidation state.

1. use of the term anhydride;
2. choice of the root suffix of the name of non-metal (or metalloid or metal):
   • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) possess a single oxidation state, the suffix is used -ica;
   • if the non-metal (or metalloid or metal) has two states of oxidation:
     • is used -ousting for the minor one;
     • is used -ica for the big one.
3. choice of the root prefix of the name of non-metal (or metalloid or metal), in case the non-metallic (or metalloid or metal) present more than two oxidation numbers:
   • is used the prefix hypothetical- for the minor one;
   • is used the prefix for the- for the major one.

b) Basic oxide: obtained when oxygen reacts with a metallic element.

1. use of the term oxide;
2. of;
3. choice of suffix:
   • in case the metal possesses a single oxidation state, no suffix is used, leaving the name of the metal preceded by the preposition "of";
   • if the metal has two states of oxidation, they are used -Oost (for the minor one) and -I'm sorry. (for the major one) as suffixes after the root of the metal name.

Stock's nomenclature, instead, provides for the formulation of the name following the following logic:

1. term oxide;
2. of;
3. metal name (or non-metal or metalloid) followed by the oxidation number written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The IUPAC nomenclature, in the end, provides for the construction of the name following this logic:

1. prefix for the number of oxygen atoms, followed by suffix -Oxide;
2. name of metal (or non-metallic or metalloid).

Peroxides are binary compounds having two oxygen atoms, both with oxidation number of -1.

The traditional nomenclatures, Stock and IUPAC have as a rule:

1. term peroxide;
2. of;
3. name of metal (or non-metallic or metalloid).

One of the most known peroxides is hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) which is commonly called hydrogen peroxide.

Superoxides are binary compounds having two oxygen atoms, both with oxidation number of -0.5.

The traditional nomenclatures, Stock and IUPAC have as a rule:

1. term superoxide;
2. of;
3. name of metal (or non-metallic or metalloid).

They are defined Sale all those compounds that have an ionic bond and therefore include a metal part, first written in the chemical formula, and one non-metallic, second written in the chemical formula.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. root of the name of the non-metal, followed by the suffix -uro;
2. root of the name of metal;
3. suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal:
   • -oso if the metal has n.o. minor; minor;
   • -ico if it has n.o. major.

The Stock nomenclature includes:

1. root of the name of the non-metal, followed by the suffix -uro;
2. name of metal, followed by n.o. of the latter written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of non-metal atoms, followed by the root of the name of the non-metal with suffix -uro;
2. prefix of the number of metal atoms, followed by the name of the metal.

Hydroxides are ionic compounds that are obtained by reacting the basic oxides with water.

The monovalent group characteristic of hydroxides is oxydrile (OH) present as a hydroxide ion (OH)^-).

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. hydroxide term;
2. of;
3. root of the name of metal;
4. suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name:
   • -oso if the metal has n.o. minor; minor;
   • -ico if it has n.o. major.

The Stock nomenclature includes:

1. hydroxide term;
2. of;
3. name of metal, followed by n.o. of the latter written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of oxides, followed by the hydroxide term;
2. of;
3. prefix of the number of metal atoms, followed by the name of the metal.

Oxoacids (oxidants or oxygenated acids) are obtained by reaction of acid oxides with water. According to the traditional nomenclature, the name of each oxy acid derives directly from the corresponding anhydride.

The idiocids are divided into:

• "monoprotic": with only one hydrogen atom;
• "diprotic": with two hydrogen atoms;
• "triprotic": with three hydrogen atoms.

Generally anhydrides react in a ratio 1:1 with water without having the possibility of other combination relationships.

Some of the anhydrides, however, can be combined in different relationships with water. In the traditional nomenclature, to distinguish the different combination possibilities, meta prefixes are introduced for a ratio of 1:1 anhydride: water, pyro- for a ratio of 1:2 anhydride: water and vegetable- for a ratio of 1:3 anhydride: water. This behaviour is typical for anhydrides of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, silicon and boron.

Finally, polyacids can be obtained, i.e. two or more molecules of anhydrides that react with one or more molecules of water; to name these acids the prefixes are used tri- and tetra- in the traditional nomenclature.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. term acid;
2. if oxygenated acid has multiple possible relationships of combination with water molecules, a prefix must be placed before the root of the name of non-metal:
   • Dioxide: water = 1:1 → "meta-";
   • Dioxide:water = 1:2 → "pyro-";
   • Dioxide:water = 1:3 → "Order-";
   • Dioxide:water = m:n → the "tri-", "tetra-" prefixes are used, counting the number of molecules of resulting anhydride (m);
3. root of the name of the non-metal;
4. suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal:
   • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) possess a single number of oxidation, the suffix -ica is used;
   • if the non-metal (or metal or metal) has two oxidation numbers, they are used -osa (for n.o. minor) and -ica (per n.o. Major) as suffix after the root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid or metal).
5. choice of the prefix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal, if necessary:
   • in case the non-metal contains more than two oxidation numbers, ipo- is used (for n.o. and per- (for n.o. major) as prefixes before the root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid or metal).

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. term acid;
2. prefix of the number of oxygen atoms, followed - bone;
3. root of the name of the non-metal, followed by the suffix -ico de dal n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The ternary salts are ionic compounds that derive from the acids after being deprived of protons and replaced with cations.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. root of the name of the non-metal oxygenated;
   • suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal:
     • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) possess a single oxidation number, the suffix -ato is used;
     • in case the non-metal possesses two oxidation numbers, the suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name becomes:
       • -ito if the non-metal has n.o. minor; minor;
       • -ato if it has n.o. major.
   • choice of the prefix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal, if necessary:
     • in case the non-metal contains more than two oxidation numbers, ipo- is used (for n.o. and per- (for n.o. greater) as prefixes before the root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid);
2. metal name.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of oxygen atoms, followed by -bone;
2. root of the name of the non-metal, followed by the suffix -ato de dal n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses;
3. of;
4. prefix of the number of metal atoms;
5. metal name followed by n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

THE Sale are ionic compounds that come from acids to replace one or more hydrogen atoms with a cation.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. rules for the name with the suffix bi-:
   • suffix bi-;
   • root of the name of the non-metal oxide (or metalloid or metal);
   • suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal oxygenated (or metalloid or metal):
     • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) oxygenated possesses a single number of oxidation, the suffix -ato is used;
     • in case the non-metal possesses two oxidation numbers, the suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name becomes:
       • -ito if the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid or metal) has n.o. minor; minor;
       • -ato if it has n.o. major.
   • metal name.
2. rules for name with acid particle:
   • root of the name of the non-metal oxide (or metalloid or metal);
   • suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal oxygenated (or metalloid or metal):
     • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) oxygenated possesses a single number of oxidation, the suffix -ato is used;
     • in case the non-metal possesses two oxidation numbers, the suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name becomes:
       • -ito if the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid or metal) has n.o. minor; minor;
       • -ato if it has n.o. major.
   • prefix of the number of hydrogens;
   • acid of;
   • metal name.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of hydrogen atoms, followed by the name hydrogen;
2. prefix of the number of oxygen atoms, followed by suffix - bone;
3. root of the name of the non-metal, followed by the suffix -ato and n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses;
4. of;
5. prefix of the number of metal atoms;
6. metal name followed by n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The basic salts are ionic compounds that come from the bases (hydroxydes) to replace one or more oxydrilic ions with a different anion.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. root of the name of the non-metal oxide (or metalloid);
2. suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid):
   • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) oxygenated possesses a single number of oxidation, the suffix -ato is used;
   • in case the non-metal possesses two oxidation numbers, the suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name becomes:
     • -ito if the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid or metal) has n.o. minor; minor;
     • -ato if it has n.o. major.
3. prefix of the number of oxydrilic groups;
4. basic of;
5. metal name.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of hydrogen atoms, followed by the name hydrogen;
2. prefix of the number of oxygen atoms, followed by suffix - bone;
3. root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid), followed by suffix -ato and n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses;
4. of;
5. prefix of the number of metal atoms;
6. metal name followed by n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses.

The double salts are ionic compounds in which there are two different species cations and anion (or a cation with two different species anions). Both cases are generalizations with respect to acid and basic salts.

The traditional nomenclature includes such rules:

1. first metal name;
2. name of the second metal;
3. name of the non-metal (or metalloid or metal);
4. suffix to be assigned to the root of the name of the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid):
   • in case the non-metal (or metal or metal) oxygenated possesses a single number of oxidation, the suffix -ato is used;
5. in case the non-metal possesses two oxidation numbers, the suffix to be assigned to the root of the metal name becomes:
   • -ito if the oxygenated non-metal (or metalloid or metal) has n.o. minor; minor;
   • -ato if it has n.o. major.
6. choice of the prefix to be assigned to the root of the name of the non-metal, if necessary:
   • in case the non-metal contains more than two oxidation numbers, ipo- is used (for n.o. and per- (for n.o. greater) as prefixes before the root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid);

The name obtained from the traditional nomenclature can see reversed orders of cation and anions, but the construction of the individual parts remains the same.

The IUPAC nomenclature includes:

1. prefix of the number of oxygen atoms, followed by suffix - bone;
2. root of the name of non-metal (or metalloid), followed by suffix -ato and n.o. written in Roman numerals in parentheses;
3. of;
4. prefix of the number of atoms of the first metal;
5. first metal name;
6. prefix of the number of atoms of the second metal;
7. name of the second metal.